• The basics of Programmable controllers and their role in modem industry
• The need for standardization of PLC languages
• A review of the programming approach prevailing before the evolution of
the standard and its shortcomings
• The features of lEC 1131-3 and its contribution towards qualitative
improvements to control software
• Move towards open vendor independent systems and software portability

The standard uses the acronym of PC while referring to Programmable Controllers, but in deference to the common use of this abbreviation for the Personal Computer, we will use the term PLC (Programmable Logic Controllers) in this manual instead of pc. This is in spite of the fact that the scope of present day programmable controllers extends beyond the conventional interlocking function and includes highly complex control requirements.

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Ebook includes 22 chapters

• Chapter 1: What is a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)?
• Chapter 2: Understanding the Input/Output (I/O) Section
• Chapter 3: Processor Unit
• Chapter 4: Memory Organization
• Chapter 5: Numbering Systems
• Chapter 6: Understanding and Using Ladder Diagrams
• Chapter 7: Relay Type Instructions
• Chapter 8: Programming a PLC
• Chapter 9: Programming Considerations
• Chapter 10: Program Control Instructions
• Chapter 11: Programming Timers
• Chapter 12: Programming Counters
• Chapter 13: Data Manipulation
• Chapter 14: Math Functions
• Chapter 15: Word and File Moves
• Chapter 16: Sequencers
• Chapter 17: Process Control Signals, Scaling, and PID Instructions
• Chapter 18: Function Block Diagram and Structured Text Programming
• Chapter 19: Sequential Function Chart Programming
• Chapter 20: Understanding Communication Networks
• Chapter 21: Start-Up and Troubleshooting
• Chapter 22: PLC Programming Examples

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When a system is well behaved we say it is self regulating. These systems don’t need to be closely monitored, and we use open loop control. An open loop controller will set a desired position for a system, but no sensors are used to verify the position. When a system must be constantly monitored and the control output adjusted we say it is closed loop. A cruise control in a car is an excellent example. This will monitor the actual speed of a car, and adjust the speed to meet a set target speed.

Many control technologies are available for control. Early control systems relied upon mechanisms and electronics to build controlled. Most modern controllers use a computer to achieve control. The most flexible of these controllers is the PLC (Programmable Logic Controller).

• Ebook is divided into 30 categories included:

+ 1 INTRODUCTION

+ 2 PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS

+ 3 PLC HARDWARE

+ 4 LOGICAL SENSORS

+ 5 LOGICAL ACTUATORS

+ 6 BOOLEAN LOGIC DESIGN

+ 7 KARNAUGH MAPS

+ 8 PLC OPERATION

+ 9 LATCHES, TIMERS, COUNTERS AND MORE

+ 10 STRUCTURED LOGIC DESIGN

+ 11 FLOWCHART BASED DESIGN

+ 12 STATE BASED DESIGN

+ 13 NUMBERS AND DATA

+ 14 PLC MEMORY

+ 15 LADDER LOGIC FUNCTIONS

+ 16 ADVANCED LADDER LOGIC FUNCTIONS

+ 17 OPEN CONTROLLERS

+ 18 INSTRUCTION LIST PROGRAMMING

+ 19 STRUCTURED TEXT PROGRAMMING

+ 20 SEQUENTIAL FUNCTION CHARTS

+ 21 FUNCTION BLOCK PROGRAMMING

+ 22 ANALOG INPUTS AND OUTPUTS

+ 23 CONTINUOUS SENSORS

+ 24 CONTINUOUS ACTUATORS

+ 25 CONTINUOUS CONTROL

+ 26 FUZZY LOGIC

+ 27 SERIAL COMMUNICATION

+ 28 NETWORKING

+ 29 INTERNET

+ 30 HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACES (HMI)

+ 31 LECTRICAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

+ 32 SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

+ 33 SELECTING A PLC

+ 34 FUNCTION REFERENCE

+ 35 COMBINED GLOSSARY OF TERMS

+ 36 PLC REFERENCES

+ 37 GNU Free Documentation License

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In addition, the Web site contains the MATLAB files for ACSYS, which are software tools for solving control-system problems, and PowerPoint files for the illustrations in the text.

The following paragraphs are aimed at three groups: professors who have adopted the book or who we hope will select it as their text; practicing engineers looking for answers to solve their day-to-day design problems; and, finally, students who are going to live with the book because it has been assigned for the control-systems course they are taking.

To the Professor: The material assembled in this book is an outgrowth of senior-level control-system courses taught by the authors at their universities throughout their teaching careers. The first eight editions have been adopted by hundreds of universities in the United States and around the world and have been translated into at least six languages. Practically
all the design topics presented in the eighth edition have been retained.

This text contains not only conventional MATLAB toolboxes, where students can learn MATLAB and utilize their programming skills, but also a graphical MATLAB-based software, ACSYS. The ACSYS software added to this edition is very different from the software accompanying any other control book. Here, through extensive use of MATLAB GUI programming, we have created software that is easy to use. As a result, students will need to focus only on learning control problems, not programming! We also have added two new applications, SIMLab and Virtual Lab, through which students work on realistic problems and conduct speed and position control labs in a software environment. In SIMLab, students have access to the system parameters and can alter them (as in any simulation). In Virtual Lab, we have introduced a black-box approach in which the students have no access to the plant parameters and have to use some sort of system identification
technique to find them. Through Virtual Lab we have essentially provided students with a realistic online lab with all the problems they would encounter in a real speed- or positioncontrol lab—for example, amplifier saturation, noise, and nonlinearity. We welcome your ideas for the future editions of this book.

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The volumes are designed to be useful as readable desk reference
books to give a fast and comprehensive overview and easy retrieval of
essential reliable key information, including tables, graphs, and bibliographies. References to extensive sources are provided.

• Ebook is divided into 10 parts:

+ Part A: Development and Impacts of Automation

+ Part B: Automation Theory and Scientific Foundations

+ Part C: Automation Design: Theory, Elements, and Methods

+ Part D: Automation Design: Theory and Methods for Integration

+ Part E: Automation Management

+ Part F: Industrial Automation

+ Part G: Infrastructure and Service Automation

+ Part H: Automation in Medical and Healthcare Systems

+ Part I: Home, Office, and Enterprise Automation

+ Part J: Appendix

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The aim of this book is to introduce the smart grid and provide a basic
understanding. The volume also focuses on recent technological advancements in smart grids. The book is organized as below:

Chapter 1 provides an overview of the smart grid, along with its
needs, benefits, challenges, existing structure, and possible future
technologies.
Chapter 2 discusses solar photovoltaic (PV) system modeling and
control along with battery storage, which is a part of smart grids.
Chapter 3 covers the issues and challenges of wind turbines connected
to the grid and also discusses the various advances in the fault ride
through capability with solutions.
Chapter 4 discusses the control strategies for renewable energy
systems. In this chapter, control strategies for solar PV, wind, and the
hybrid systems are described in detail.
Chapter 5 focuses on power electronic converters, which are used to
improve the characteristic of renewable power generation to match
with the grid capability. This chapter details various topologies that
have been developed recently for the grid applications.
Chapter 6 describes the inverter topologies adopted in integrating the
renewable power generated to the grid. The chapter also compares
various inverter configurations suitable for microgrids.
Chapter 7 deals with the basics of an energy storage system and its need
for microgrids. A case study with a hybrid storage system is discussed
in detail.
Chapter 8 describes various forecast techniques for renewable energy
systems such as solar and wind. This chapter provides an in-depth
understanding of various forecast algorithms with a case study and
comparison of different forecasting techniques.
Chapter 9 covers the basics and structure of the energy management
system in a smart grid. This chapter includes advanced metering,
various communication protocols, and the cyber security challenges
in the smart grid.
Chapter 10 focuses on the electric vehicle technology and its interaction with a smart grid. The impact of integrating electric vehicles
with smart grids has been detailed along with the potential impact and
challenges.
Finally, Chapter 11 discusses various challenges and research perspectives in smart grids. An overview of the current status of smart grids in
different countries are discussed along with the challenges and benefits.

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Flexible automation is the use of a conglomeration of manufacturing equipment organized or connected into a single entity called a manufacturing cell. Manufacturing cells contain an assortment of material handling equipment, including robots and CNC processing equipment. Most often the cell’s activities are orchestrated and directed by a PLC. The robot, CNC equipment, and PLC make the cell “flexible,” as they can be
programmed and reprogrammed to perform a wide variety of tasks and produce different products. This single text addresses all three technologies of robotics, CNC, and PLCs.

Yet, “flexible automation” is, in fact, a misnomer. While it is true that the term is appropriate for a specific manufacturing cell in which the technologies are employed, when grouping robotics, CNC, and PLCs under a collective banner, one should highlight what these technologies have in common—namely, “programmability.” Therefore, these technologies are collectively named “programmable automation technologies,” and this
book is so titled: Programmable Automation Technologies: An Introduction to CNC, Robotics and PLCs.

While I was writing this text, the nation’s—indeed the world’s—economy plunged into a severe recession. To rise from the current economic turmoil the manufacturing industry must become more productive, a goal that is readily achievable through automation. Programmable automation technologies are the building blocks from which all automation is developed. Hence, the urgent need to improve productivity and become
more competitive in the global economy should motivate a significantly greater interest in programmable automation.

The present text is organized into a four sections, which follow a logical sequence of inquiry. The first section is introductory: Chapter 1 provides some background on manufacturing and defines programmable automation. Chapter 2 explains calculation methods used to justify automation expenditures, as motivated by productivity concepts. The second section treats computer numerical control: Chapter 3 introduces CNC technology, Chapter 4 discusses CNC programming, and Chapter 5 addresses CNC simulation. Robotics is covered in the third section in much the same way that CNC was covered in the second section: Chapter 6 introduces robotics technology and Chapter 7 goes over both robotic programming and simulation. (Note that robotic simulation does not have a dedicated chapter.) The last section of the text addresses PLCs: Chapter 8
introduces PLCs and Chapter 9 covers programming and simulation of PLCs. Finally, Chapter 10 concludes the text with a discussion of how all three technologies are brought together to create a programmable automation cell.

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Industrial Automation Engineers have always drawn new technologies and implemented original or enhanced versions to meet their requirements. As the range of technology diversifies the demand on the innovative ability of these Engineers has increased.

IDC Technologies has been in the business of bringing together the domain gurus and the practicing engineers under an umbrella called training. The sum of the knowledge that IDC Technologies has acquired over many years has now given it an opportunity to compile this comprehensive hand book for the reference of every automation engineer.

The breadth and depth of Industrial Automation is enormous and justice cannot be expected from a book of a few hundred pages. This book comprises over 1200 pages of useful, hard hitting information from the trenches on industrial automation.
This book delivers a critical blend of knowledge and skills, covering technology in control and instrumentation, industry analysis and forecasts, leadership and management – everything that is relevant to a modern control and instrumentation engineer. Good management, financial and business skills are also provided in these chapters. These highly practical
materials provide you with solid skills in this often neglected area for control and instrumentation engineers.

This book was originally written for UK and other European users and contains many references to the products and standards in those countries. We have made an effort to include IEEE/ANSI/NEMA references wherever possible. The general protection approach and theoretical principles are however universally applicable.

• The book is divided into 12 parts:

+ 1 Introduction

+ 2 I&C Drawings and Documentation

+ 3 Process control

+ 4 Advanced Process Control

+ 5 Industrial Data Communications and Wireless

+ 6 HAZOPs Hazard Operations

+ 7 Safety Instrumentation and Machinery

+ 8 Hazardous Areas and Intrinsic Safety

+ 9 SCADA

+ 10 Project Management of I&C Projects

+ 11 Latest Instrumentation and Valve Developments

+ 12 Forecasts and Predictions

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One of the major purposes of this book is to serve as a singlepoint resource for those involved in the design and use of automated machinery. I used many of the charts and tables in this book as design aids when specifying systems during my automation career, and I hope they serve as useful quick-reference guides for readers as well. There are also many topics that provide general information on industry-related subjects that might also be of interest to readers who hope to expand their general knowledge of automation-related
subjects.

The book is laid out in an outline format for easy reference.
Chapter 1 provides a general overview of manufacturing and
automation. Chapter 2 introduces many of the concepts used in
automation, controls, machinery design, and documentation. Chapter 3
discusses many of the individual hardware components used in the
automation industry. Chapter 4 links some of these components
together and describes some of the machinery subsystems that help
comprise an automated machine or line. Chapter 5 brings these
subsystems together and exemplifies machinery used in some of
the different areas of manufacturing. Chapter 6 covers some of the
different kinds of software used in the programming, design, and
documentation of industrial machinery and information systems as
well as business enterprise software. Chapter 7 describes job functions
in the automation and manufacturing industries, and Chap. 8 covers
some of the business organization and concepts used in the industrial
and manufacturing fields. Lean manufacturing and various business
tools are also discussed there. Chapter 9 covers a hypothetical machine
procurement, design, and implementation process, while Chap. 10
contains some examples of automation projects and systems I have
been involved in during my career. There are also a number of handy
tables and charts and an index in the back of the book.

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Arduino Development Environment can be used to build functional PLCs that can be used with some industrial automation and process control. You’ll learn how to choose appropriate components for various parts of the PLC, such as the CPU, inputs, outputs, network interfaces, power supplies, and battery backups.

This chapter provides a comprehensive shopping guide to purchasing various assembled printed circuit boards, some of the hardware components (active and passive), and setting up your development environment to make all the projects discussed in the
chapters in the book.

We’ll provide an array of manufacturers and suppliers, but the products may have same core functionalities and slightly different features. A good example is the Arduino UNO board that comes with different features depending on the manufacturer, but uses the same Arduino UNO bootloader.

• This ebook consists of 9 chapters:

+ Chapter 1: Getting Ready for the Development Environment

+ Chapter 2: Arduino, Ethernet, and WiFi

+ Chapter 3: Arduino at Heart

+ Chapter 4: Your First Arduino PLC

+ Chapter 5: Building with an ArduiBox

+ Chapter 6: Writing PLC-Style Applications with plcLib

+ Chapter 7: Modbus

+ Chapter 8: Mapping PLCs into the Cloud Using the NearBus Cloud Connector

+ Chapter 9: Building a Better PLC

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